The risk of acute abdomen in neonates and infants is generally increased due to advanced maternal age and neonatal intensive care unit care development. Enterostomy is a safe procedure for acute abdomen in neonates and infants. However, there is no consensus for the optimal timing of enterostomy closure (EC). A few considerations should be reviewed for deciding the timing of stoma closure to obtain the best outcome. Distal loopography is commonly performed upon examination to ascertain the existence of a distal passage after EC, detect signs of disease-specific complications, and assess the need of surgery in addition to EC. Pathology review is also one important pre-closure consideration. When the incidence of a hypoganglionosis or an aganglionosis combined with acute abdomen is observed in neonates and infants, thorough examinations should be performed to conclusively determine whether there is no passage disturbance of the distal bowel. Refeeding not only provides information about chance to grow, electrolyte imbalance correction, and proximal and distal bowel size match, but also provides information about distal bowel passage when there is a doubtful distal loopography or pathology result. Early closure enables growth spurt with the correction of water/electrolyte imbalance. It potentially reduced medical costs, less discrepancy between proximal and distal bowel size. Some factors favoring a late stoma closure may be due to less postoperative complications, early recovery, shorter time of total parenteral nutrition after EC, and decreased length of hospitalization after the EC. Some studies have shown controversial results. In summary, a pre-closure evaluation is imperative to assure the safety of an EC. The optimal timing of an EC remains controversial. For this reason, individualized approach is needed after reviewing the general condition of each patient. Further prospective study on optimal timing of stoma closure including a randomized clinical trial is needed.
The single stage transanal pull-through (SSPT) for Hirschsprung’s disease is becoming the most popular procedure. This single center study compared the result of single stage operation with two-stage operation for Hirschsprung’s disease in neonates.
We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all patients who were diagnosed as Hirschsprung’s disease and underwent SSPT or two-stage operation operation in Asan Medical Center between January 2003 and July 2014.
There were 17 SSPT and 28 two-stage operation. The mean age of SSPT group was 14.2±7.1 days, and the mean age of two-stage operation group was 15.4±8.6 days for stomy formation, and 188.6±36.3 days for Duhamel operation. The operation time of SSPT was shorter than Duhamel operation (145.0±37.0 minutes vs. 193.0±36.0 minutes, p<0.001). The mean follow-up period of SSPT and two-stage operation was 35.5±34.9 months (range, 2-132 months) and 56.6±35.5 months (range, 1-121 months), respectively. Defecation problem rate such as fecal soiling or fecal impaction showed no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.719). Two SSPT patients required botulinum toxin injection due to rectal stenosis. Three patients of SSPT group underwent re-do endorectal pull-through due to remnant aganglionic or hypoganglionic bowel.
The SSPT showed shorter hospital days. However, few patients experienced rectal stenosis, but were manageable with botulinum toxin injection. The SSPT requires experienced-pathologist, as well as surgeon, because intra-operation pathology reading is critical for appropriate SSPT. SSPT is a feasible and reasonable option to treat Hirschsprung’s disease.
This is a survey on congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia, conducted by Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons (KAPS). A registration form for each patient during the 5-year period between 2010 and 2014 and a questionnaire were sent to each member. Twenty-six members in 16 institutions returned completed forms. Total patients were 219. Prenatal diagnoses were done in 181 cases (82.6%). Preoperative mortality was 11.4%. Minimal invasive surgery was done in 61 cases (31.8%). Risk factors related with death were Apgar score, oxygenation index, preoperative pH and bicarbonate, O2 saturation, the presence of hernia sac, and the size of defect. The neonatal survival and 1-year survival of total patients were 77.6% and 75.3%.
Long time total parenteral nutrition (TPN) can induce irreversible liver damage. In this study, we investigated the associated factors of parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC) in neonates.
We retrospectively reviewed 227 neonates (male:female=110:117) those who had received TPN over 2 weeks from March 2010 to February 2014. PNAC was defined as direct bilirubin was higher than 2.0 mg/dL without any cause except TPN.
Overall incidence was 28.6%. PNAC was frequently developed in younger gestational age with lower birth weight. Episodes of sepsis, underlying bronchopulmonary dysplasia, history of necrotizing enterocolitis, and experience of gastrointestinal surgery increase the incidence of PNAC. PNAC was directly associated the duration of TPN and long period to full enteral feeding, reaching 60 and 150 mL/kg/day. Overall mortality rate was 9.7%. It was higher in PNAC group despite PNAC was not the primary cause of death. All survivors were recovered from cholestasis with encourage of enteral nutrition.
PNAC in neonate was associated with younger gestational ages and lower birth weights, duration of TPN, or who experienced sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, gastrointestinal surgery or bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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