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Original Article

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma: A Survey by the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons in 2018

Jung-Tak Ohorcid, Hye Kyung Chang, Min Jeong Cho, Yong Hoon Cho, Soo Jin Na Choi, Yoon Mi Choi, Jae Hee Chung, Sang Young Chung, Jeong Hong, Seok Joo Han, Yeon Jun Jeong, Eunyoung Jung, Kyuhwan Jung, Dae Youn Kim, Hae-Young Kim, Hyun-Young Kim, Ki Hoon Kim, Sang Youn Kim, Seong Chul Kim, Seong Min Kim, Soo-Hong Kim, Jong-In Lee, Myung-Duk Lee, Nam-Hyuk Lee, Suk-Koo Lee, So Hyun Nam, Jin Young Park, Kwi-Won Park, Tae-Jin Park, Jeong-Meen Seo, Jae Ho Shin, Jiyoung Sul
Advances in Pediatric Surgery 2019;25(2):35-43.
Published online: December 18, 2019

The Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons, Seoul, Korea.

Correspondence to Jung-Tak Oh. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea. jtoh@yuhs.ac
• Received: December 6, 2019   • Accepted: December 6, 2019

Copyright © 2019 Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons (KAPS) performed a nationwide survey on sacrococcygeal teratoma in 2018.
  • Methods
    The authors reviewed and analyzed the clinical data of patients who had been treated for sacrococcygeal teratoma by KAPS members from 2008 to 2017.
  • Results
    A total of 189 patients from 18 institutes were registered for the study, which was the first national survey of this disease dealing with a large number of patients in Korea. The results were discussed at the 34th annual meeting of KAPS, which was held in Jeonju on June 21–22, 2018.
  • Conclusions
    We believe that this study could be utilized as a guideline for the treatment of sacrococcygeal teratoma to diminish pediatric surgeons' difficulties in treating this disease and thus lead to better outcomes.
  • Keywords: Teratoma; Sacrococcygeal region; Surveys and questionnaires
Since 1991, the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons (KAPS) has performed annual nationwide studies, each year addressing a different topic relating to pediatric diseases, and the results of these studies are discussed at each respective annual meeting of KAPS. They are also summarized and published in Advances in Pediatric Surgery, the official journal of the KAPS. The list of study topics is summarized in Table 1. The 34th annual meeting of KAPS was held in Jeonju on June 21–22, 2018, and the topic was sacrococcygeal teratoma, which was discussed for the first time at an annual meeting of KAPS.
Table 1

The list of topics addressed at each annual meeting of the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons since 1991

Table 1
Year and topic
1991 Current situation in Korean pediatric surgery 2005a) Necrotizing enterocolitis
1992 Inguinal hernia 2006a) Acute appendicitis
1993 Hirschsprung disease 2007 Prospect of pediatric surgery
1994 Anorectal malformation 2008 Inguinal hernia
1995a) Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula 2009 Hirschsprung disease
1996a) Branchial anomalies 2010a) Intestinal atresia
1997a) Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis 2011a) Biliary atresia
1998a) Intestinal atresia 2012 Statistics of pediatric surgery disease
1999a) Anorectal malformations 2013a) Minimally invasive surgery
2000a) Index cases in pediatric surgery 2014a) Newborns surgery with congenital anomalies
2001a) Biliary atresia 2015a) Neonate congenital Bochdalek hernia
2002a) Choledochal cyst 2016 Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula
2003a) Congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia 2017 Choledochal cyst
2004 Trend of pediatric surgery disease 2018a) Sacrococcygeal teratoma
a)These studies were published in Advances in Pediatric Surgery.
The authors reviewed and analyzed the clinical data of patients who had been treated for sacrococcygeal teratoma by KAPS members from 2008 to 2017. We used Microsoft Access 2016® (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) for the patient registry and data collection. All the data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23 statistical software (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA), and p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
1. Demographics
A total of 189 patients with sacrococcygeal teratoma from 18 institutes were registered for the study (Fig. 1). The top 4 institutes treated 73.5% of all the patients during the study period. The patients' demographics are summarized in Table 2. The disease was found to have occurred predominantly in females (M:F=1:2.71). A total of 37 accompanying malformations were present in 29 patients (15.3%), and 15 of these patients were diagnosed with Currarino syndrome. Most patients (n=137, 72.5%) were diagnosed and underwent surgery during the neonatal period, but 27 (14.3%) patients underwent surgery beyond the age of 1 year. In this study, we compared the results of the neonates who were younger than 29 days with those of the “old-age” group, which comprised patients who were older than 1 year.
Fig. 1

Hospital distribution of the patients with sacrococcygeal teratoma who underwent surgical treatment.

aps-25-35-g001.jpg
Table 2

Patient demographics

Table 2
Characteristic Value
Sex (M:F) 1:2.71 (51:138)
Gestational age (wk, n=176) 37.9±2.8
Birth weight (kg, n=179) 3.18±0.52 (0.97–4.71)
Mode of delivery
Normal spontaneous vaginal delivery 76 (40.2)
C-section 100 (52.9)
Unknown 23
Accompanied malformation 29/189a) (15.3)
Cardiovascular 8
Gastrointestinal 5
Genitourinary 4
Musculoskeletal 4
Chromosomal 2
Other 6
Currarino syndrome 15
Age at time of surgery
<29 day 137
29 day–2 mo 6
2–3 mo 7
3–12 mo 12
>12 mo 27
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
a)Including multiple selection.
2. Preoperative evaluation and treatment
The most common symptom was sacral mass, and 85.6% of the neonates were diagnosed prenatally. Ultrasonography was the most common diagnostic tool in the prenatal period, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was the most popular study after birth. Eleven patients underwent an in-utero procedure. Preoperative serum levels of α-fetoprotein (AFP) were evaluated in 138 patients, and it was the most common tumor marker, followed by β-human chorionic gonadotropin and carcinoembryonic antigen. Almost all the patients underwent surgical treatment without preoperative treatment, with only 8 patients requiring preoperative chemotherapy or embolization. Anterior displacement of the rectum and obstructive hydronephrosis were the most common preoperative complications because of the mass effect of the tumor (Table 3).
Table 3

Preoperative evaluation and treatment

Table 3
Characteristic Total Neonate Old-age
Clinical presentationa) (n=182) (n=132) (n=26)
Abdominal pain/distension 13 (7.1) 5 (3.8) 2 (7.7)
Mass 145 (79.7) 120 (90.9) 11 (42.3)
Constipation 10 (5.5) 0 5 (19.2)
No symptoms 9 (4.9) 7 (5.3) 1 (3.8)
Other 14 (7.7) 1 (0.8) 9 (34.6)
Prenatal diagnosis in neonatea) 113/135 (85.6)
Prenatal US 113
Prenatal MRI 3 (2.2)
In-utero procedure 11/135 (8.1)
RFA 8
Aspiration 2
Cystic-amniotic shunt 1
Diagnostic work-up after deliverya) (n=182) (n=132) (n=26)
US 105 (57.7) 83 (62.9) 10 (38.5)
CT 16 (8.8) 9 (6.8) 5 (19.2)
MRI 159 (87.4) 112 (84.8) 24 (92.3)
Preoperative biopsy 4 (2.2) 0 4 (15.4)
Other 3 (1.6) 2 (1.5) 1 (3.8)
Pre-op AFP (ng/mL) (n=138) (n=111) (n=14)
Mean±SD 87,658±77,076 20,287±42,396
Median (range) 64,745 (0.8–600,000) 2.1 (0.8–150,730)
Preoperative treatment (n=189) (n=137) (n=27)
Preoperative chemotherapy 6 6
Preoperative embolization 1 1
Preoperative chemotherapy and ASCTb) 1 1
Preoperative complications (n=189) (n=137) (n=27)
Yes 30 (15.9) 26 (19.0) 1 (3.7)
No 159 (84.1) 111 (81.0) 26 (96.3)
Values are presented as number (%).
US, ultrasound; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; CT, computed tomography; AFP, α-fetoprotein; SD, standard deviation; ASCT, autologous stem cell transplantation.
a)Including multiple selection; b)Autologous stem cell transplantation.
3. Operative treatment
Almost all the neonatal patients underwent surgical treatment without delay. Their median age at the time of surgery was 4 days after birth, and the median body weight was 3.0 kg. Most of the patients underwent surgery once, but 22.2% required an operation more than one time. The perineal approach as a surgical method was so common that 93.7% of the operations were performed using only a perineal approach. A total of 84.1% of the patients underwent complete excision of the tumor, and 21 patients had 24 intra-operative complications among them. Of these, intraoperative bleeding was the most common complication, followed by cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Postoperatively, 15.9% had complications. Problems with the wound constituted the most common postoperative complication and the most common cause of reoperation during the postoperative hospitalization period (Table 4).
Table 4

Operative treatment

Table 4
Characteristic Total (n=189) Neonate (n=137) Old-age (n=27)
Age at time of surgery (day)
Mean 305.9±957.1 6.9±9.2 1,985.3±1,784.9
Median 6 (0–7,217) 4 (0–63) 1,426 (397–7,217)
No. of operations
1 145 (76.7) 106 (77.4) 21 (77.8)
2 37 (19.6) 27 (19.7) 3 (11.1)
3 6 (3.2) 4 (2.9) 2 (7.4)
5 1 (0.5) 0 1 (3.7)
Body weight at time of surgery (kg)
Mean±SD 6.2±8.8 3.1±0.6 22.0±15.9
Median (range) 3 (2–69) 3 (2–5) 16 (8–69)
Operation time
Mean±SD 148.0±89.6 150.3±82.8 155.7±129.4
Median (range) 125 (20–590) 132 (20–410) 110 (34–590)
Mode of surgery
Perineal approach 177 (93.7) 131 (95.6) 23 (85.2)
Perineal+laparotomy/laparoscopic 9 5 2
Others 3 1 2
Results of operation
Complete excision 159 (84.1) 116 (84.7) 23 (85.2)
Complete excision with spillage 12 (6.3) 6 (4.4) 2 (7.4)
Incomplete excision 18 (9.5) 15 (10.9) 2 (7.4)
Intraoperative complications 21/189 (11.1) 15/137 (10.9) 3/27 (11.1)
Bleeding 8 (38.1) 6 (40.0) 2 (66.7)
CSF leakage 4 (19.0) 1 (6.7) 1 (33.3)
CPCR 4 (19.0) 4 (26.7) 0
Other complications 6 (28.6) 5 (33.3) 0
Postoperative complicationsa) 30/189 24/137 3/27
Bleeding 3 (10.0) 3 (12.5) 0 (0)
Wound problem 17 (56.7) 14 (58.3) 1 (33.3)
Intestinal obstruction 1 (3.3) 1 (4.2) 0 (0)
DIC 5 (16.7) 5 (20.8) 0 (0)
Other 7 (23.3) 4 (16.7) 2 (66.7)
Reoperation during hospitalization 9/189 (4.8) 7/137 (5.1) 1/27 (3.7)
Postoperative chemotherapy 11 (5.8) 5 (3.6) 4 (14.8)
Values are presented as number (%).
SD, standard deviation; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CPCR, cerebral resuscitation; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation.
a)Including multiple selection.
4. Tumor characteristics
The maximal diameters of the tumors in the neonate group were significantly larger than those in the old-age group (7.9±5.1 vs. 4.2±4.8 cm, p<0.001). Using the Altman classification, the most common tumor type was type I in the neonatal group, but type IV was the most common type in the old-age group (p<0.001). Mature and cystic or predominantly cystic mixed type were the main characteristics of the tumors. In this study, we found that the pathologic reports of 12 patients did not belong to teratoma or germ cell tumors, but we included them in this study because their clinical features were more compatible with sacrococcygeal teratoma. A total of 11 patients required postoperative chemotherapy (Table 5).
Table 5

Tumor characteristics

Table 5
Characteristic Total (n=189) Neonate (n=137) Old-age (n=27)
Pathology of tumor
Mature teratoma 138 (73.0) 103 (75.2) 16 (59.3)
Immature teratoma 33 (17.5) 30 (21.9) 2 (7.4)
Grade 1 4 (13.8) 4 (14.8) 0 (0)
Grade 2 10 (34.5) 8 (29.6) 1 (100)
Grade 3 15 (51.7) 15 (55.6) 0 (0)
Grade unknown 4 (13.8) 3 1
Mixed 4 (2.1) 2 (1.5) 0
Malignant (yolk sac) 2 (1.1) 1 (0.7) 1 (3.7)
Othera) 12 (6.3) 1 (0.7) 8 (29.6)
Largest tumor length (cm) 6.8±4.8 7.9±5.1 4.2±4.8
Type of tumor component
Cystic type 63 (34.1) 43 (31.6) 9 (37.5)
Predominantly cystic mixed type 61 (33.0) 48 (35.3) 6 (25.0)
Predominantly solid mixed type 32 (17.3) 29 (21.3) 1 (4.2)
Solid type 29 (15.7) 16 (11.8) 8 (33.3)
Unknown 4 1 2
Altman classification
I 68 (36.0) 53 (38.7) 8 (29.6)
II 51 (27.0) 47 (34.3) 2 (7.4)
III 25 (13.2) 21 (15.3) 1 (3.7)
IV 45 (23.8) 16 (11.7) 16 (59.3)
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.
a)Epidermal cyst (2), lipoma (2), lipoblastoma (2), duplication cyst (1), solitary fibrous tumor (1), infantile fibrosarcoma (1), lipomyelomeningocele (1), lymphangioma (1), epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (1).
5. Postoperative treatment and follow-up
Postoperative follow-up was available at a median age of 41 months (Table 6). Most of the patients underwent follow-ups at less than a one-year interval. Ultrasonography and MRI were the most common evaluation methods for follow-up. During the follow-up period, 39 patients had tumor recurrence. The pathological characteristics of the recurrent tumors are described in Table 7. Thirty-three patients underwent excision or excision with chemotherapy. Long-term complications were found in 44 patients, and most of them correlated with the function of defecation.
Table 6

Postoperative treatment and follow-up

Table 6
Characteristic Total (n=189) Neonate (n=137) Old-age (n=27)
Postoperative follow-up (mo)
Age at last follow-up 47.9±38.9 (median 41, range 0–243)
Postoperative follow-up 37.9±27.6 (median 34, range 0–112)
Follow-up methoda)
US 89 (47.1) 66 (48.2) 13 (48.1)
CT 23 (12.2) 17 (12.4) 4 (14.8)
MRI 98 (51.9) 77 (56.2) 10 (37.3)
PET 5 (2.6) 3 (2.2) 2 (7.4)
Other 4 (2.1) 3 (2.2) 0 (0)
Follow-up interval (mo)
1–3 25
4–6 30
7–12 37
>12 14
Tumor recurrence 39 (20.6) 28 5
Detection of tumor recurrence
Physical examination 1 (2.6) 1 (3.6) 0 (0)
Elevated tumor marker 3 (7.7) 3 (10.7) 0 (0)
MRI 27 (69.2) 20 (71.4) 5 (100)
U/S 7 (17.9) 4 (14.3) 0 (0)
Other 1 (2.6) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Treatment of tumor recurrence
Excision 21 (53.8) 14 (50.0) 3 (60.0)
Excision+CTx 12 (30.8) 9 (32.1) 1 (20.0)
CTx only 2 (5.1) 1 (3.6) 1 (20.0)
Observation 2 (5.1) 2 (7.1) 0 (0)
Other 2 (5.1) 2 (7.1) 0 (0)
Long-term functional complicationsa) 44
Constipation 21
Soiling 14
Urinary incontinence 7
Lower extremity weakness 5
Other 7
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
US, ultrasound; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET, positron emission tomography; CTx, chemotherapy.
a)Including multiple selection.
Table 7

Recurrent tumor pathology

Table 7
Characteristic Total (n=33) Neonate (n=23) Old-age (n=4)
Mature 19 (57.6) 15 (78.9) 1 (25.0)
Original pathology Mature (10), immature (8), mixed (1)
Immature 2 (6.1) 2 (8.7) 0 (0)
Original pathology Mature (1), immature (1)
Malignant (yolk sac) 6 (18.2) 3 (13.0) 1 (25.0)
Original pathology Mature (3), immature (1), yolk sac (2)
Mixed 1 (3.0) 1 (4.3) 0 (0)
Original pathology Mature (1)
Othera) 5 (15.2) 2 (8.7) 2 (50.0)
Original pathology Mature (3), immature (1), epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (1)
a)Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (1), inflamed granulation tissue (1), lipomeningomyelocele (1), lipoma (1), no evidence of residual teratoma but r/o recurred tumor on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (1).
Currently, among the 189 patients, 1 death had occurred in a case of incomplete excision, 136 patients are living without tumors, 19 are living with tumors, and 33 patients have been lost to follow-up (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2

Summary of treatments and prognoses.

SCT, sacrococcygeal teratoma; F/U, follow-up.
aps-25-35-g002.jpg
6. Questionnaire for sacrococcygeal teratoma
The questionnaire for sacrococcygeal teratoma consisted of 7 questions, and 22 regular members of KAPS answered them. The following are the questions and the number of answers for each item (Table 8).
Table 8

Questionnaire for sacrococcygeal teratoma

Table 8
Questionnaire No.
1. Which of the following tests are the most important for the preoperative diagnosis of sacrococcygeal teratoma (excluding physical findings and multiple selections available)?
① AFP 12
② US 4
③ CT 6
④ MRI 16
⑤ Biopsy 0
2. Have you needed to do a coccyx resection for patients with sacrococcygeal teratoma? please describe the method and extent of resection.
① No resection 0
② Resection 22
Method: electrical cautery and en bloc resection
3. Who do patients follow-up with after surgery?
① Pediatric surgeon 14
② Pediatrician 4
③ Other—both pediatric surgeons and pediatricians (especially in cases of immature or malignant pathologies) 4
4. What tests are performed after surgery? (Multiple options are possible.)
① AFP 21
② US 11
③ CT 4
④ MRI 12
⑤ Other—rectal exam 1
5. What is the timing (interval) of the postoperative follow-up?
① Every 6 months after surgery 9
② Every year after surgery 7
③ Every 2 years after surgery 0
④ Less than every 6 months after surgery 4
6. How long after surgery do you follow-up? (n=20)
① Until 1 year after surgery 0
② Until 2 years after surgery 1
③ Until 3 years after surgery 3
④ Until 4 years after surgery 0
⑤ Until 5 years after surgery 13
⑥ Mature-3 years, immature-5 years 3
7. Do you have any experience with minimally invasive surgery for sacrococcygeal teratoma?
① Yes 5
② No 17
AFP, α-fetoprotein; US, ultrasound; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
Studies on the clinical characteristics of and strategies used to treat sacrococcygeal teratoma are not rare, but its low incidence usually makes it challenging for pediatric surgeons to accumulate experience in this disease. Previous studies about this disease in Korea have been limited, and only a few studies have been published [1234]. The significance of this study is that it is the first nationwide survey on sacrococcygeal teratoma in Korea and includes a significant number of patients.
Our study showed excellent results after surgical treatment. There was only 1 reported case of death after surgery, and the number of long-term functional complications was not high. Although not all the patients were followed-up for a long time, it is likely that the mortality of those who were lost to follow-up was not affected because the pediatric surgeons would probably have treated them if they had experienced any problems. These results are similar to or better than those of previously published studies [5678910].
This study revealed that this incidence of this disease can be divided into 2 age groups. In the one group, the lesions were detected prenatally, and in the other, the disease was late-onset. Although the incidence of the old-age group was not high, and the prognosis of this group after surgical treatment was also excellent, pediatric surgeons must consider the possibility of this disease in old age.
One of the limitations of this study was that we evaluated only the patients who underwent surgical treatment, and therefore not all patients with sacrococcygeal teratoma were included. The prognosis of sacrococcygeal teratoma would have deteriorated in patients who could not undergo surgical treatment because of their poor general condition or the inoperability of the tumor.
Through the questionnaire, we were able to learn the current status of KAPS members' clinical practices with regard to sacrococcygeal teratoma. Most of the members take care of their patients themselves postoperatively, and they prefer a long-term follow-up of about 5 years. In rare cases, a few members tried to treat patients using laparoscopic surgery or robotic surgery.
We believe that this study could be utilized as a guideline for the treatment of sacrococcygeal teratoma to diminish pediatric surgeons' difficulties in treating this disease and thus lead to better outcomes.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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  • 6. Draper H, Chitayat D, Ein SH, Langer JC. Long-term functional results following resection of neonatal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Pediatr Surg Int 2009;25:243-246.
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Sacrococcygeal Teratoma: A Survey by the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons in 2018
Adv Pediatr Surg. 2019;25(2):35-43.   Published online December 18, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13029/aps.2019.25.2.35
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Sacrococcygeal Teratoma: A Survey by the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons in 2018
Adv Pediatr Surg. 2019;25(2):35-43.   Published online December 18, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13029/aps.2019.25.2.35
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Sacrococcygeal Teratoma: A Survey by the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons in 2018
Image Image
Fig. 1 Hospital distribution of the patients with sacrococcygeal teratoma who underwent surgical treatment.
Fig. 2 Summary of treatments and prognoses. SCT, sacrococcygeal teratoma; F/U, follow-up.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma: A Survey by the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons in 2018

The list of topics addressed at each annual meeting of the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons since 1991

Year and topic
1991 Current situation in Korean pediatric surgery 2005a) Necrotizing enterocolitis
1992 Inguinal hernia 2006a) Acute appendicitis
1993 Hirschsprung disease 2007 Prospect of pediatric surgery
1994 Anorectal malformation 2008 Inguinal hernia
1995a) Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula 2009 Hirschsprung disease
1996a) Branchial anomalies 2010a) Intestinal atresia
1997a) Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis 2011a) Biliary atresia
1998a) Intestinal atresia 2012 Statistics of pediatric surgery disease
1999a) Anorectal malformations 2013a) Minimally invasive surgery
2000a) Index cases in pediatric surgery 2014a) Newborns surgery with congenital anomalies
2001a) Biliary atresia 2015a) Neonate congenital Bochdalek hernia
2002a) Choledochal cyst 2016 Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula
2003a) Congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia 2017 Choledochal cyst
2004 Trend of pediatric surgery disease 2018a) Sacrococcygeal teratoma

a)These studies were published in Advances in Pediatric Surgery.

Patient demographics

Characteristic Value
Sex (M:F) 1:2.71 (51:138)
Gestational age (wk, n=176) 37.9±2.8
Birth weight (kg, n=179) 3.18±0.52 (0.97–4.71)
Mode of delivery
Normal spontaneous vaginal delivery 76 (40.2)
C-section 100 (52.9)
Unknown 23
Accompanied malformation 29/189a) (15.3)
Cardiovascular 8
Gastrointestinal 5
Genitourinary 4
Musculoskeletal 4
Chromosomal 2
Other 6
Currarino syndrome 15
Age at time of surgery
<29 day 137
29 day–2 mo 6
2–3 mo 7
3–12 mo 12
>12 mo 27

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

a)Including multiple selection.

Preoperative evaluation and treatment

Characteristic Total Neonate Old-age
Clinical presentationa) (n=182) (n=132) (n=26)
Abdominal pain/distension 13 (7.1) 5 (3.8) 2 (7.7)
Mass 145 (79.7) 120 (90.9) 11 (42.3)
Constipation 10 (5.5) 0 5 (19.2)
No symptoms 9 (4.9) 7 (5.3) 1 (3.8)
Other 14 (7.7) 1 (0.8) 9 (34.6)
Prenatal diagnosis in neonatea) 113/135 (85.6)
Prenatal US 113
Prenatal MRI 3 (2.2)
In-utero procedure 11/135 (8.1)
RFA 8
Aspiration 2
Cystic-amniotic shunt 1
Diagnostic work-up after deliverya) (n=182) (n=132) (n=26)
US 105 (57.7) 83 (62.9) 10 (38.5)
CT 16 (8.8) 9 (6.8) 5 (19.2)
MRI 159 (87.4) 112 (84.8) 24 (92.3)
Preoperative biopsy 4 (2.2) 0 4 (15.4)
Other 3 (1.6) 2 (1.5) 1 (3.8)
Pre-op AFP (ng/mL) (n=138) (n=111) (n=14)
Mean±SD 87,658±77,076 20,287±42,396
Median (range) 64,745 (0.8–600,000) 2.1 (0.8–150,730)
Preoperative treatment (n=189) (n=137) (n=27)
Preoperative chemotherapy 6 6
Preoperative embolization 1 1
Preoperative chemotherapy and ASCTb) 1 1
Preoperative complications (n=189) (n=137) (n=27)
Yes 30 (15.9) 26 (19.0) 1 (3.7)
No 159 (84.1) 111 (81.0) 26 (96.3)

Values are presented as number (%).

US, ultrasound; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; CT, computed tomography; AFP, α-fetoprotein; SD, standard deviation; ASCT, autologous stem cell transplantation.

a)Including multiple selection; b)Autologous stem cell transplantation.

Operative treatment

Characteristic Total (n=189) Neonate (n=137) Old-age (n=27)
Age at time of surgery (day)
Mean 305.9±957.1 6.9±9.2 1,985.3±1,784.9
Median 6 (0–7,217) 4 (0–63) 1,426 (397–7,217)
No. of operations
1 145 (76.7) 106 (77.4) 21 (77.8)
2 37 (19.6) 27 (19.7) 3 (11.1)
3 6 (3.2) 4 (2.9) 2 (7.4)
5 1 (0.5) 0 1 (3.7)
Body weight at time of surgery (kg)
Mean±SD 6.2±8.8 3.1±0.6 22.0±15.9
Median (range) 3 (2–69) 3 (2–5) 16 (8–69)
Operation time
Mean±SD 148.0±89.6 150.3±82.8 155.7±129.4
Median (range) 125 (20–590) 132 (20–410) 110 (34–590)
Mode of surgery
Perineal approach 177 (93.7) 131 (95.6) 23 (85.2)
Perineal+laparotomy/laparoscopic 9 5 2
Others 3 1 2
Results of operation
Complete excision 159 (84.1) 116 (84.7) 23 (85.2)
Complete excision with spillage 12 (6.3) 6 (4.4) 2 (7.4)
Incomplete excision 18 (9.5) 15 (10.9) 2 (7.4)
Intraoperative complications 21/189 (11.1) 15/137 (10.9) 3/27 (11.1)
Bleeding 8 (38.1) 6 (40.0) 2 (66.7)
CSF leakage 4 (19.0) 1 (6.7) 1 (33.3)
CPCR 4 (19.0) 4 (26.7) 0
Other complications 6 (28.6) 5 (33.3) 0
Postoperative complicationsa) 30/189 24/137 3/27
Bleeding 3 (10.0) 3 (12.5) 0 (0)
Wound problem 17 (56.7) 14 (58.3) 1 (33.3)
Intestinal obstruction 1 (3.3) 1 (4.2) 0 (0)
DIC 5 (16.7) 5 (20.8) 0 (0)
Other 7 (23.3) 4 (16.7) 2 (66.7)
Reoperation during hospitalization 9/189 (4.8) 7/137 (5.1) 1/27 (3.7)
Postoperative chemotherapy 11 (5.8) 5 (3.6) 4 (14.8)

Values are presented as number (%).

SD, standard deviation; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CPCR, cerebral resuscitation; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation.

a)Including multiple selection.

Tumor characteristics

Characteristic Total (n=189) Neonate (n=137) Old-age (n=27)
Pathology of tumor
Mature teratoma 138 (73.0) 103 (75.2) 16 (59.3)
Immature teratoma 33 (17.5) 30 (21.9) 2 (7.4)
Grade 1 4 (13.8) 4 (14.8) 0 (0)
Grade 2 10 (34.5) 8 (29.6) 1 (100)
Grade 3 15 (51.7) 15 (55.6) 0 (0)
Grade unknown 4 (13.8) 3 1
Mixed 4 (2.1) 2 (1.5) 0
Malignant (yolk sac) 2 (1.1) 1 (0.7) 1 (3.7)
Othera) 12 (6.3) 1 (0.7) 8 (29.6)
Largest tumor length (cm) 6.8±4.8 7.9±5.1 4.2±4.8
Type of tumor component
Cystic type 63 (34.1) 43 (31.6) 9 (37.5)
Predominantly cystic mixed type 61 (33.0) 48 (35.3) 6 (25.0)
Predominantly solid mixed type 32 (17.3) 29 (21.3) 1 (4.2)
Solid type 29 (15.7) 16 (11.8) 8 (33.3)
Unknown 4 1 2
Altman classification
I 68 (36.0) 53 (38.7) 8 (29.6)
II 51 (27.0) 47 (34.3) 2 (7.4)
III 25 (13.2) 21 (15.3) 1 (3.7)
IV 45 (23.8) 16 (11.7) 16 (59.3)

Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.

a)Epidermal cyst (2), lipoma (2), lipoblastoma (2), duplication cyst (1), solitary fibrous tumor (1), infantile fibrosarcoma (1), lipomyelomeningocele (1), lymphangioma (1), epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (1).

Postoperative treatment and follow-up

Characteristic Total (n=189) Neonate (n=137) Old-age (n=27)
Postoperative follow-up (mo)
Age at last follow-up 47.9±38.9 (median 41, range 0–243)
Postoperative follow-up 37.9±27.6 (median 34, range 0–112)
Follow-up methoda)
US 89 (47.1) 66 (48.2) 13 (48.1)
CT 23 (12.2) 17 (12.4) 4 (14.8)
MRI 98 (51.9) 77 (56.2) 10 (37.3)
PET 5 (2.6) 3 (2.2) 2 (7.4)
Other 4 (2.1) 3 (2.2) 0 (0)
Follow-up interval (mo)
1–3 25
4–6 30
7–12 37
>12 14
Tumor recurrence 39 (20.6) 28 5
Detection of tumor recurrence
Physical examination 1 (2.6) 1 (3.6) 0 (0)
Elevated tumor marker 3 (7.7) 3 (10.7) 0 (0)
MRI 27 (69.2) 20 (71.4) 5 (100)
U/S 7 (17.9) 4 (14.3) 0 (0)
Other 1 (2.6) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Treatment of tumor recurrence
Excision 21 (53.8) 14 (50.0) 3 (60.0)
Excision+CTx 12 (30.8) 9 (32.1) 1 (20.0)
CTx only 2 (5.1) 1 (3.6) 1 (20.0)
Observation 2 (5.1) 2 (7.1) 0 (0)
Other 2 (5.1) 2 (7.1) 0 (0)
Long-term functional complicationsa) 44
Constipation 21
Soiling 14
Urinary incontinence 7
Lower extremity weakness 5
Other 7

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

US, ultrasound; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET, positron emission tomography; CTx, chemotherapy.

a)Including multiple selection.

Recurrent tumor pathology

Characteristic Total (n=33) Neonate (n=23) Old-age (n=4)
Mature 19 (57.6) 15 (78.9) 1 (25.0)
Original pathology Mature (10), immature (8), mixed (1)
Immature 2 (6.1) 2 (8.7) 0 (0)
Original pathology Mature (1), immature (1)
Malignant (yolk sac) 6 (18.2) 3 (13.0) 1 (25.0)
Original pathology Mature (3), immature (1), yolk sac (2)
Mixed 1 (3.0) 1 (4.3) 0 (0)
Original pathology Mature (1)
Othera) 5 (15.2) 2 (8.7) 2 (50.0)
Original pathology Mature (3), immature (1), epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (1)

a)Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (1), inflamed granulation tissue (1), lipomeningomyelocele (1), lipoma (1), no evidence of residual teratoma but r/o recurred tumor on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (1).

Questionnaire for sacrococcygeal teratoma

Questionnaire No.
1. Which of the following tests are the most important for the preoperative diagnosis of sacrococcygeal teratoma (excluding physical findings and multiple selections available)?
① AFP 12
② US 4
③ CT 6
④ MRI 16
⑤ Biopsy 0
2. Have you needed to do a coccyx resection for patients with sacrococcygeal teratoma? please describe the method and extent of resection.
① No resection 0
② Resection 22
Method: electrical cautery and en bloc resection
3. Who do patients follow-up with after surgery?
① Pediatric surgeon 14
② Pediatrician 4
③ Other—both pediatric surgeons and pediatricians (especially in cases of immature or malignant pathologies) 4
4. What tests are performed after surgery? (Multiple options are possible.)
① AFP 21
② US 11
③ CT 4
④ MRI 12
⑤ Other—rectal exam 1
5. What is the timing (interval) of the postoperative follow-up?
① Every 6 months after surgery 9
② Every year after surgery 7
③ Every 2 years after surgery 0
④ Less than every 6 months after surgery 4
6. How long after surgery do you follow-up? (n=20)
① Until 1 year after surgery 0
② Until 2 years after surgery 1
③ Until 3 years after surgery 3
④ Until 4 years after surgery 0
⑤ Until 5 years after surgery 13
⑥ Mature-3 years, immature-5 years 3
7. Do you have any experience with minimally invasive surgery for sacrococcygeal teratoma?
① Yes 5
② No 17

AFP, α-fetoprotein; US, ultrasound; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Table 1 The list of topics addressed at each annual meeting of the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons since 1991

a)These studies were published in Advances in Pediatric Surgery.

Table 2 Patient demographics

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

a)Including multiple selection.

Table 3 Preoperative evaluation and treatment

Values are presented as number (%).

US, ultrasound; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; CT, computed tomography; AFP, α-fetoprotein; SD, standard deviation; ASCT, autologous stem cell transplantation.

a)Including multiple selection; b)Autologous stem cell transplantation.

Table 4 Operative treatment

Values are presented as number (%).

SD, standard deviation; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CPCR, cerebral resuscitation; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation.

a)Including multiple selection.

Table 5 Tumor characteristics

Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.

a)Epidermal cyst (2), lipoma (2), lipoblastoma (2), duplication cyst (1), solitary fibrous tumor (1), infantile fibrosarcoma (1), lipomyelomeningocele (1), lymphangioma (1), epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (1).

Table 6 Postoperative treatment and follow-up

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

US, ultrasound; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET, positron emission tomography; CTx, chemotherapy.

a)Including multiple selection.

Table 7 Recurrent tumor pathology

a)Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (1), inflamed granulation tissue (1), lipomeningomyelocele (1), lipoma (1), no evidence of residual teratoma but r/o recurred tumor on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (1).

Table 8 Questionnaire for sacrococcygeal teratoma

AFP, α-fetoprotein; US, ultrasound; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

APS : Advances in Pediatric Surgery

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